Towards carbon-free cathodes for fluoride ion batteries: deconvoluting effects of active material and conductive additive on charging and cyclic stability

In this study, conductive, fluorine and antimony co-doped tin oxide nanoparticles (FATO-NPs) are highlighted as a possible alternative for conductive carbon additives in fluoride ion batteries, successfully circumventing oxidative side reactions. Since good cyclability with high and stable discharge capacities was achieved with both types of conductive additive, it was concluded that conductive carbon is well suitable for high-voltage fluoride ion batteries, contrary to prior assumptions. The utilization of almost completely side-reaction free FATO-NPs as the conductive additive enables the deconvolution of other side reactions in initial cycles.