A systematic approach to parameterization of disaccharides for the Martini 3 coarse-grained force-field

Sugars are ubiquitous in biology; they occur in all kingdoms of life. Despite their prevalence they have often been somewhat neglected in studies of structure-dynamics-function relationships of macromolecules to which they are attached, with the exception of nucleic acids. This is largely due to inherent difficulties of studying not only conformational dynamics of sugars using experimental methods, but indeed also resolving their static structures. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations offer a route to prediction of conformational ensembles and the time-dependent behaviour of sugars and glycosylated macromolecules. However, at the all-atom level of detail, MD simulations are often too computationally demanding to allow a systematic investigation of molecular interactions in systems of interest. To overcome this, large scale simulations of complex biological systems have profited from advancements in coarse-grained (CG) simulations. Perhaps the most widely used CG force field for biomolecular simulations is Martini. Here we present a parameter set for glucose and mannose-based disaccharides for Martini3. The generation of the CG parameters from atomistic trajectories is automated as fully as possible and where not possible, we provide details of the protocol used for manual intervention.