MoS2 as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Water Splitting

With rising global energy demands and increasing environmental concerns, sustainable energy technologies are crucial for ensuring a cleaner future. Water splitting has emerged as a key method for producing clean hydrogen fuel. However, developing efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for this process remains a significant challenge. Traditional noble metals like platinum (Pt) and ruthenium (Ru) offer high performance but are costly and scarce, highlighting the need for cost-effective alternatives. MoS₂-based electrocatalysts have attracted attention due to their promising performance and cost-effectiveness compared to noble metals. Despite their potential, challenges such as optimizing efficiency, reducing overpotential, and enhancing stability must be addressed. This review explores the MoS₂ as an alternative to noble metals, focusing on its performance metrics through the lens of materials engineering. A detailed analysis of the structural and electronic characteristics of MoS2 is provided, examining how these factors influence its bifunctional electrocatalytic performance. Additionally, the review delves into the reaction mechanisms, critically evaluating key performance parameters such as overpotential, Tafel slope, exchange current density, stability, and electrochemically active surface area. Furthermore, the impact of synthesis and processing methods on MoS₂’s performance is discussed, including phase and defect engineering, morphology optimization, and heterostructure construction. By integrating current research and offering insights into the structure-property-performance relationships, this review aims to guide future developments in sustainable energy technologies.