Revolutionizing Diagnostic Frontiers: The Emergence of Graphene-Based Nanobiosensors

The integration of graphene into the realm of biosensing has marked a transformative era in diagnostic methodologies, particularly in the detection of health-related biomarkers. This review paper delves into the multifaceted applications of graphene and its derivatives in the development of advanced nanobiosensors, underscoring their role in revolutionizing clinical diagnostics. Graphene’s unique chemical structure and its exceptional electrical, optical, and mechanical properties have been pivotal in enhancing the performance of biosensors. These advancements are characterized by their high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid response, and low detection limits, coupled with long-term stability. The paper explores various fabrication methods and functionalization techniques of graphene-based materials, highlighting their successful application in detecting a wide array of chemical and biological molecules for disease diagnosis, pathogen identification, and biomarker analysis. In the context of point-of-care devices, the review emphasizes the growing popularity of graphene in oral bioelectronics, particularly for salivary biomarker detection. The ease of access to human saliva and its rich composition of analytes positions it as an ideal medium for non-invasive health monitoring. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the structural designs of graphene electronics, their performance in health monitoring applications, and the challenges and future directions in this field. Furthermore, the review assesses the suitability of graphene in creating wearable diagnostic and prognostic devices, considering its biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, and flexibility. The potential of graphene-based biosensors in early disease detection and real-time health monitoring is critically analyzed, offering insights into their current status toward commercialization and the challenges ahead. This paper aims to provide a holistic view of graphene’s impact on clinical diagnostics, envisioning a future where nanotechnology and biosensing converge to offer advanced healthcare solutions.