Prioritization of early-stage research and development of a hydrogel-encapsulated anaerobic technology for distributed treatment of high strength organic wastewater

This study aims to support the prioritization of research and development (R&D) pathways of hydrogel-encapsulated anaerobic technology to treat high-strength organic industrial wastewaters, enabling decentralized energy recovery and treatment to reduce organic loading on centralized treatment facilities. To characterize the sustainability implications of early-stage design decisions and to delineate R&D targets, an encapsulated anaerobic process model was developed and coupled with design algorithms for integrated process simulation, techno-economic analysis (TEA), and life cycle assessment (LCA) under uncertainty. Across the design space, a single-stage configuration with passive biogas collection was found to have the greatest potential for financial viability and the lowest life cycle carbon emission. Through robust uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and encapsulant volume were identified as the most impactful design decisions for the levelized cost and carbon intensity of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Encapsulant longevity, a technological parameter, was the dominant driver of system sustainability and thus a clear R&D priority. Ultimately, we found encapsulated anaerobic systems with optimized fluidized bed design have significant potential to provide affordable, carbon-negative, distributed COD removal from high strength organic wastewaters if encapsulant longevity can be maintained at 5 years or above.