Accurate prediction of antibody deamidations by combining high-throughput automated peptide mapping and protein language model-based deep learning

Therapeutic antibodies such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bispecific and multispecific antibodies are pivotal in therapeutic protein development and have transformed disease treatments across various therapeutic areas. The integrity of therapeutic antibodies, however, is compromised by sequence liabilities, notably deamidation, where asparagine (N) and glutamine (Q) residues undergo chemical degradations. Deamidation negatively impacts the efficacy, stability, and safety of diverse classes of antibodies, thus necessitating the critical need for early and accurate identification of vulnerable sites. In this article, a comprehensive antibody deamidation-specific dataset (n = 2285) of varied modalities was created by using high- throughput automated peptide mapping, followed by supervised machine learning to predict the deamidation propensities as well as extents throughout the entire antibody sequences. We propose a novel chimeric deep-learning model, integrating protein language model (pLM)- derived embeddings with local sequence information for enhanced deamidation predictions. Remarkably, this model requires only sequence inputs, eliminating the need for laborious feature engineering. Our approach demonstrates state-of-the-art performance, offering a streamlined workflow for high-throughput automated peptide mapping and deamidation prediction, with potential of broader applicability to other antibody sequence liabilities.