Liposomes to cubosomes: The evolution of lipidic nanocarriers and their cutting-edge biomedical applications

Lipidic nanoparticles have undergone extensive research towards the exploration of their diversely ranging therapeutic applications. Although several liposomal formulations are in the clinics (e.g., DOXIL) for cancer therapy there are many challenges associated with the traditional liposomes. To address these issues, modifications in liposomal structure and further functionalization are desirable, leading to the emergence of solid lipid nanoparticles and the more recent liquid lipid nanoparticles. In this context, ‘cubosomes’, third-generation lipidic nanocarriers, have attracted significant attention due to their numerous advantages, including their porous structure, structural adaptability, high encapsulation efficiency resulting from their extensive internal surface area, enhanced stability, and biocompatibility. Cubosomes offer the potential for both enhanced cellular uptake and controlled release of encapsulated payloads. Beyond cancer therapy, cubosomes have demonstrated effectiveness in wound healing, antibacterial treatments, and various dermatological applications. In the article, the authors provide an overview of the evolution of lipidic nanocarriers, spanning from conventional liposomes to solid lipid nanoparticles, with a special emphasis on the development and applications of cubosomes. Additionally, it delves into recent applications and pre-clinical trials associated with cubosome formulations, which could be of significant interest to readers from backgrounds in nanomedicine and clinicians.