Coagulation and crystallinity in Sn (II, IV) oxide as an electron transfer layer

Stannic oxide (SnO2) synthesized by the sol-gel method showed efficient optoelectronic mobility due to high crystallinity and coagulation involved in the morphology. These properties are applicable for SnO2 to be used as an electron transfer layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. The structure and morphology were determined by XRD and SEM which also indicated formation of Sn (II) O with p-type doping. The optical properties were reflected in the UV-Vis and PL studies. A coagulation factor was determined based on the polynomial fits of the surface and linear profiles