Fabrication of Ceramic Matrix Composites via Cold Sintering Process

Integrating polymers into ceramics is very intriguing since many new interesting characteristics can be introduced into the system while modifying the flaws of ceramic materials. However, the fabrication of ceramic-polymer composites, particularly polymer-in-ceramic matrix composites, has always been a problem due to the substantial temperature disparity between the melting points of polymers and ceramics. Cold sintering is an emerging technology that applies uniaxial pressure and a transient solvent to reduce the ceramic sintering temperature by approximately an order magnitude, down to about 100-200oC, which is significantly lower than typical sintering temperatures (e.g., 1000-1500oC) by using traditional sintering methods, making it very ideal for combining ceramics and polymers. This review delves into the current status, understanding, and application of cold co-sintering, examining various examples of ceramics and polymers employed. By adjusting the polymer types and percentages in the composite, quality control and surface engineering can be achieved. Moreover, the potential of cold sintering remains largely unexplored, and we discuss its outlooks and future implications for ceramic-polymer composites, including considerations for scale-up possibilities and recycling capabilities for an eco-manufacturing process. As our understanding of the cold sintering process continues to advance, it promises to unlock significant breakthroughs in producing ceramic-polymer composites in the future.