Exploring reproducible non-aqueous scanning droplet cell electrochemistry in model battery chemistries

The discovery and optimization of new materials for energy storage is essential for a sustainable future. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) using a scanning droplet cell (SDC) is suitable for the rapid screening of prospective material candidates and effective variation of investigated parameters over a millimeter-scale area. Herein, we explore the transition and challenges for SDC electrochemistry from aqueous towards aprotic electrolytes and address pitfalls related to reproducibility in such high-throughput systems. Specifically, we explore whether comparable reproducibilities are achievable on the millimeter half-cell level than for full cells. To study reproducibility in half-cells as a first screening step this study explores the selection of appropriate cell components, such as reference electrodes (REs) and the use of masking techniques for working electrodes (WEs) to achieve consistent wetted areas. Experimental results on a Li-Au model anode system show that SDC, coupled with a masking approach and subsequent optical microscopy, can mitigate issues related to electrolyte leakage and yields good reproducibility. The proposed methodologies and insights contribute to the advancement of high-throughput battery research, enabling the discovery and optimization of future battery materials with improved efficiency and efficacy.